STRUCTURAL MODEL OF WIND INFLUENCE ON BUILDINGS AND BUILDING

Abstract

Based on the analysis of scientific and normative literature on construction climatology and construction physics, architectural designs the structural model of influence of wind on building and building is developed. The structure is hierarchical. It can be considered as the planar connected oriented unweighted graph.

It is revealed tops and edges of a graph. The graph contains 48 tops and 47 edges.

The top "Wind" is at the highest-level hierarchies. It has degree 16 (if to consider output edges) and degree 2 (if to consider entrance edges). Each edge leaving top "Wind" attaches the tree to top. Roots of these trees (tops - wind-influencing factors) are numbered and have such names.

1. Static and dynamic wind load.
2. Infiltration of the cold air to the room.
3. Transfer of dust and sand.
4. Aeration of industrial buildings.
5. Transfer of harmful impurity in air, smoke.
6. Snow transfer.
7. Orientation of streets and buildings.
8. Device of rudder air scoops.
9. Integration of electrical wind installations into the building.
10. Additional moistening by slanting rain.
11. Airing of attics.
12. Technologies of construction works at big height.
13. Organization of improvement and gardening of domestic spaces.
14. Creation of draft in ventilating channel.
15. Slanting hail.
16. Wind noise.

"Orientation of streets and buildings" and "The organization of improvement and gardening of domestic spaces" come out the return edges to top two tops "Wind" as these factors of influence of wind on building can significantly change the direction and wind speed.

The top "The static and dynamic wind load" leaves three edges to tops: "The form and orientation of the building", "The wind suction" and "Breaking of elements", and from each of them on one: "Definition of materials, sections and sizes of designs", "Anchoring of elements of the roof" and "Danger to passersby" respectively.

The top "Infiltration of the cold air to the room" leaves four edges to tops: "Increase in heatlosses", "Support of frequency rate of air exchange indoors", "The device of wind-shelter layers in enclosing structures", "Protection against blowing off of seams, the device of quarters in window and doorways". "Increase in heatlosses" comes out one edge to top "Increase in thickness of heater". Other of the listed four edges are final.

The top "Transfer of dust and sand" leaves three edges to tops "Aeration of facades", "Abrasive impact on glass", "Dusting of rooms and the equipment" and "Accumulation of sand in trenches and hollows of the roof". "Abrasive impact on glass" comes out the edge in top "Reduction of natural illumination". Two more edges - final.

"Aeration of industrial buildings" comes out one edge to top "Orientation of industrial buildings" which is final.

From top "Transfer of harmful impurity in air, smoke" there are two edges: "Placement of residential zones" and "Placement and sizes of sanitary protection zones". Both edges are final, respectively - and tops.

Three edges leave top of "Snow transfer ". They go to tops of "Blizzard", "Formation of snowdrifts", "Postponement of snow on roofs, sticking of snow to designs". "Formation of snowdrifts" comes out the edge to top "Placement of entrances to buildings" - entrances to buildings place from the windward side as there before the building "the trench of blowing" is formed [10] and the entrance is not filled up with snow. Two other edges - final.

The top "Orientation of streets and buildings" leaves three edges, one of which the return - goes to top "Wind", and two others go to tops "Building airing" and "Protection against wind". The last leaves the edge to top "Wind-shelter strips" whereas previous is final.

Tops "The device of rudder air scoops", "Integration of electrical winter installations into the building", "Technologies of construction works at big height", "The organization of improvement and gardening of domestic spaces", "Creation of draft in ventilating channel ", "The slanting hail", "Wind noise" are final.

From top "Additional moistening by slanting rain" four edges to tops "Increase in the thermal conductivity of material of the wall", "Reduction of air permeability of walls", "Reduction of durability of finishing of facades", "The minimum biases of some roofs from piece materials" go. All four edges and tops are final.

"Airing of attics" comes out one edge to top "Increase in durability of structures of the attic" which is final.

Keywords: building, top, wind influence, tree, building, hierarchical structure, oriented graph, space of relations, edge, top degree, structural model.