Enlightenment movement in Ukraine at the end of the 19th century

Abstract

The article deals with socio-political and pedagogical preconditions of education communities in Ukraine as centers of formation of creative intellectuals (late 19th century). Activities of education societies of the late XIX is a whole era in the development of history of education and culture of Ukraine as a whole. Their work in the field of education has gained public appeal joining the General process of national revival. Progressive Ukrainian intelligentsia, working in societies, awakened the national consciousness, laid the foundations of education. The emergence and activities of various public organizations in Ukraine in the late XIX is a phenomenon that has not only cultural and educational impact, but educational in nature as one of their main objectives was to change the content and quality of education of Ukrainian people. Through the analysis of historical and pedagogical sources, we have found that the end of the 19th century became for Ukrainians in Dnieper Ukraine the period of confrontation with the authorities for the preservation of national culture. Changes in the Russian Empire began a strong push for a national awakening and intensification of national consciousness of the intelligentsia in the Ukrainian provinces. Seeing their duty in the development of national culture, Ukrainian intelligentsia begins to separate education direction. For the first time in the history pedagogical problems are widely discussed by the public, they become the subject of public initiatives, the country's life is enriched on a new phenomenon – public-education movement. The mass of participants of the education movement of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in cities leads to the logical replacement of individual cultural work by the activities of the whole associations, communities. In communities, the formation of future leaders of the enlightenment movement took place: teachers, scientists, doctors, which gradually turned into national figures. The hromadamen later became members of many education organizations. Many representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia paved the way for the emergence in the arena of public awareness initiatives at the national (Ukrainian) organizations (societies). Thus, the nineteenth century was a time of struggle for Ukrainians for the preservation of their own language, education and culture. The end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century for the Ukrainian people is a period of national revival, self[1]reflection as an ethnic group, as an authentic individual in history and the modern world.